Telecom and Networking Test 1 Practice

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• What is the purpose of TLS certificates and how is trust established?
• Which sequence describes the DNS recursive resolution process from a client to the final IP address, including root, TLD, and authoritative servers?
• The World Wide Web and HTTP-based pages predominantly use which architecture?
• Which cloud service model involves outsourcing the entire application to cloud providers, resulting in less control for the user?
• What is a primary benefit of CDNs for content delivery?
• Which architecture describes a system where the client performs all processing, and the server stores all data?
• In the TCP/IP model, which layer corresponds to the OSI Session and Presentation layers?
• Which statement is true about bandwidth shaping, policing, and CBWFQ?
• What is the commonly used method to transmit phone conversations over a digital network?
• In OSPF, what algorithm is used by each router to compute shortest path trees after receiving LSAs?
• Which statement best describes 802.11ac relative to 802.11ax?
• Which description best contrasts MPLS, VPN, and SD-WAN in terms of transport and typical use cases?
• DHCP operates at which layer and uses which transport protocol?
• Which transmission method sends data in blocks, where a block of data is sent as a frame?
• What is the purpose of DSCP in Quality of Service, and which DSCP value is commonly used for Expedited Forwarding (EF) traffic?
• What are the core purposes of ICMP, and which common diagnostic tool relies on it?
• What type of message is delivered to a group of devices, possibly across different networks?
• In Wi-Fi, CSMA/CA stands for?
• What is the role of SS7 in PSTN signaling and the function of the D-channel in ISDN BRI/PRI?
• What does STUN do in NAT traversal for VoIP and video conferencing?
• Which part of an email is most useful for determining if the message is spoofed?
• What are the two main IPsec modes and how do they differ?
• What type of message is sent to all devices on a local network segment?
• What is the primary function of the OSI Network Layer and which protocol is central at this layer?
• During roaming in wireless networks, what happens when a client moves from one access point to another?
• An APIPA address indicates an automatic private IP address is assigned when which condition occurs?
• What is the size of the TCP sequence number field?
• In OSPF, what type of route metric is used and what is the role of areas, especially area 0?
• In IP networking, besides the IP address, what information is needed to establish communication between hosts?
• Which term describes altering a sound wave to represent a binary 1 or 0?
• Which BGP attribute indicates the next-hop IP address for a received route?
• Which measure helps mitigate distributed denial-of-service attacks by controlling incoming traffic?
• Which OSI layer provides end-to-end transport and reliability, including segmentation and flow control?
• Which transition mechanism translates IPv6 addresses to IPv4 to allow IPv6 hosts to reach IPv4 servers?
• Which network security device primarily enforces access rules by filtering traffic according to policies?
• What is the purpose of DNS and how do A, AAAA, CNAME, and MX records differ?
• Which statements are true about 802.1Q VLAN tagging and port types?
• What is the common term for the 'human layer' in networking discussions?
• In DHCPv6, what is the role of stateless configuration?
• Which statement best describes basic cloud networking components such as VPCs, subnets, route tables, NAT gateways, and security groups?
• What term describes a block of data that is transmitted as a single unit?
• What is the role of a VPN concentrator in a network?
• Which mitigation is commonly used to defend against ARP spoofing in local networks?
• Which VPN type connects two networks securely over the Internet?
• What problem does Spanning Tree Protocol solve in Ethernet networks?
• Which security improvements are introduced in SNMPv3 compared with SNMPv1/v2c?
• Which IP version uses 128-bit addresses?
• Spine-leaf architecture provides scalable East-West traffic and predictable latency by implementing which topology?
• Which cable is described as four twisted pair cables with eight wires inside, commonly used in LANs?
• Which routing approach requires logging into the router to set specific routes?
• Which mitigation protects DNS integrity to prevent spoofing?
• What does CIDR notation '/24' indicate in relation to subnet masks?
• Which benefit of digital transmission relates to carrying voice, video, and data on the same circuit?
• Which protocol is used to retrieve emails from a mail server?
• Which statement correctly identifies the role of RTP in VoIP?
• Which best explains IPv6 address types and their scope, with examples?
• In a spine-leaf data center topology, what is a key advantage for East-West traffic?
• How does dynamic routing respond to topology changes?
• Which statement correctly differentiates Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, and PAT?
• What is the purpose of a default route and where is it typically configured in a network?
• WPA2-Enterprise relies on which authentication method?
• Which statement is true about VoIP signaling protocols SIP and H.323 and the media transport protocol RTP?
• What determines when a cached DNS record expires?
• What trio of components is typically required to access a web page successfully?
• Why is the TCP three-way handshake used?
• What is Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) and how does it contribute to congestion management?
• Which IPv6 feature detects duplicate addresses on a local link?
• Which transmission method sends 1 bit at a time over a single physical wire, slower than parallel transmission?
• Which OSI layer does IP operate at and perform routing?
• What does 802.1Q standard do in Ethernet frames?
• In the context of this material, which term describes the overall consideration of a medium based on cost, distance, and performance factors?
• A loop-free topology is created by disabling redundant paths is a result of which protocol?
• Which four steps constitute the DHCP process known as DORA?
• Which OSI layer is described as closely associated with HTTP and providing a set of utilities for application programs, giving end-user access to the network?
• Which statement about UDP is correct?
• What term describes the information stored in a router that indicates how messages should travel through the network?
• Which layer is described as ensuring hardware and software made by different vendors work together?
• Which sequence of messages is exchanged in the TCP three-way handshake?
• In TCP congestion control, how do slow-start and congestion avoidance differ?
• Which protocol encodes VLAN membership in frames, and how are VLANs transported across switches?
• What is the purpose of logical addressing in the Network Layer?
• Which term describes messaging where each packet is sent independently without a pre-established connection?
• In NAT traversal, what is the function of TURN?
• What is the role of ICE in NAT traversal for VoIP?
• Which term describes software that translates and coordinates between disparate vendor systems across client and server boundaries?
• How can the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 be correctly abbreviated?
• Which three security properties are provided by TLS/SSL in HTTPS?
• What is the primary purpose of a NAT gateway in cloud networking?
• Distinguish static routing from dynamic routing and name one advantage of each.
• What is SD-WAN and what primary benefits does it offer over traditional WAN?
• Which network type reserves a dedicated path for a call?
• Describe NAT and PAT, and describe a scenario where NAT is necessary.
• What type of circuit connects two points, such as a computer to another computer, typically in a hard-wired fashion?
• Which OSI layer is associated with segments and end-to-end communication?
• During TLS, which type of encryption is used in the handshake to establish keys?
• Which of the following best describes private IPv4 addresses?
• What term describes the port to which application traffic is directed?
• Which IPv6 address is used for loopback?
• Which OSI layer provides network services and interfaces to applications?
• Which statement best describes a VPN in terms of transport security?
• In DHCP, which message marks the assignment of an IP configuration to a client?
• Which statement best describes parallel transmission?
• What mechanism does TCP use to establish a connection between two endpoints?
• Which statement best describes UDP compared to TCP?
• Why is digital transmission often considered more secure than analog transmission?
• What does MPLS use to forward packets along precomputed paths?
• Which BGP attribute indicates the next-hop IP address for a route?
• If the first three octets of an IPv4 address are the same under a /24 subnet mask, what does this indicate?
• How does PSTN differ from VoIP in terms of network type and signaling?
• For real-time voice traffic, which DSCP value corresponds to Expedited Forwarding (EF)?
• Which of the following represents the actual user data in a transmission?
• Which OSI layer is described as controlling when computers transmit, detecting and correcting transmission errors, identifying the start and end of a message, and managing physical transmission?
• What is the purpose of MIBs in SNMP?
• What is NAT traversal and when might double NAT occur in enterprise networks?
• Which device operates at the Data Link layer to switch frames between devices on the same network?
• In ISDN, what is the role of the D-channel?
• APIPA addresses use which IP address range?
• Which of the following is true about the BGP attribute AS_PATH?
• Which statement best describes static routing?
• Which IPv6 transition mechanism tunnels IPv6 over IPv4?
• For the IPv4 subnet 10.0.4.0/22, what is the network address?
• How many usable hosts are available in the 10.0.4.0/22 subnet?
• Which technology describes delivering voice communications over the Internet by converting voice into digital packets?
• Which data link layer sublayer is responsible for controlling access to the physical medium?
• Which layer handles packets and routing between networks?
• Which statement best describes dual-stack operation and NAT64?
• What happens when a switch receives a frame with an unknown destination MAC address?
• Which transmission type transmits characters whenever convenient, one character at a time, independently of other characters?
• Which of the following is a common destination port used by HTTP traffic?
• What term describes a server that can perform multiple functions such as file, web, and mail services?
• You have 192.168.10.0/24 subnetting into /26 subnets. How many subnets are created and how many usable hosts does each subnet provide?
• In cloud service models, which option provides a platform for building and deploying apps while the provider handles the underlying infrastructure?
• Which statement best describes DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 address assignments?
• Which device is capable of actively blocking intrusions by inspecting traffic and enforcing security policies?
• What is the broadcast address for the IPv4 subnet 10.0.4.0/22?
• In IPv6, which address type is used for local link communication, and which protocol discovers neighbors?
• In networking slang, which term is humorously used to denote the human element and is often associated with Layer 8?
• In shared networks, computers wait for the circuit to be free and may collide if two transmit simultaneously. This is known as what?
• What is the primary role of WDM in optical networks?
• What is the role of a route table in a cloud VPC?
• Which of the following is a factor commonly considered when selecting transmission media?
• Which statement best describes TCP and UDP in terms of reliability, connection orientation, and ordering?
• Compare standard ACLs and extended ACLs in terms of what they filter and where they are typically applied.
• For the IP network 172.20.10.0/23, what are the network address, broadcast address, and number of usable hosts?
• Which statement correctly contrasts WPA2 and WPA3 and the differences between PSK and Enterprise modes?
• How does ARP function in a local Ethernet network and what is ARP spoofing?
• Which OSI layer handles data representation, encryption, and compression?
• Which fiber type has a small core that enables long-distance transmission?
• What term describes the port from which application traffic originates?
• What is the purpose of DNS A, AAAA, MX, and CNAME records?
• Which item represents the IP address of the next hop used to reach other networks?
• Which term describes the distribution of application layer software functions across clients and servers?
• When is UDP preferred over TCP and what are typical UDP-based applications?
• Which routing approach uses routing protocols to automatically adjust routes and consumes more processing power?
• Which statement about SNMP security is true?
• Non-information bits like start and end indicators for characters and packets are collectively called what?
• Which statement best describes ARP spoofing and a common mitigation?
• Which layer of the OSI model is primarily responsible for transmit raw bits?
• Which term describes the part of the signal that conveys the user's meaning or message?
• WPA2-Personal (PSK) uses which type of credential?
• Which cloud service model focuses on providing development platforms for building and deploying apps rather than final software delivery?
• In DHCP, the DORA sequence is used to what purpose?
• RTS/CTS helps mitigate what problem in dense networks?
• Which concept describes the data link layer's connection to the network layer above and its control of the physical hardware?
• What transmission mode allows simultaneous two-way communication (like cell phones)?
• Where do network standards reside according to the material?
• What is MPLS used for in service provider networks, and how do labels influence forwarding decisions?
• Which statement best describes the typical frequency bands used by Wi-Fi standards and a notable recent addition?
• Which of the following are main goals of a TLS handshake?
• Which statement best describes OSPF in terms of scope and purpose?
• Which architecture is described as having a server that does everything, with high costs to upgrade?
• In HTTP, which status code indicates a successful response to a valid URL?
• Which statement best describes a key benefit of digital transmission over analog?
• What does a TCP segment provide that allows the destination to assemble segments in the correct order?
• Calculate the network address, broadcast address, and number of usable hosts for IPv4 192.168.10.14/24.
• Which IoT protocol uses RESTful semantics over UDP and supports resource-constrained devices?
• Which term describes the address through which application traffic originates, typically assigned randomly?
• What term describes the ratio of useful information bits to total transmitted bits?
• What is the primary scope difference between OSPF and BGP?
• What is the first six hexadecimal digits of a MAC address commonly called?
• How many wires are typically present inside a standard Ethernet cable that uses four twisted pairs?
• What capability distinguishes a Layer 3 switch from a traditional Layer 2 switch?
• Which statement best describes how TLS uses encryption during a session?
• Which statement differentiates Layer 4 (L4) load balancing from Layer 7 (L7) load balancing?
• What transmission mode allows two-way communication but only one direction at a time (like a walkie-talkie)?
• Which statement about VLAN trunks is correct?
• Which DNS records map to IPv4 and IPv6 addresses respectively?
• Which term describes non-information bits that help manage framing and synchronization?
• Which of the following describes private IPv4 address ranges and why they are important for network design?
• In HTTP, which status code indicates that the requested URL was not found on the server?
• What is the correct sequence of messages in the TCP three-way handshake, and what is the purpose of sequence numbers?
• In cloud service models, which option delivers software applications hosted by a provider and accessed over the internet?
• Which protocol does IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol use for its control messages?
• Which of the following are core components of a VPC?
• Which statement best describes the QoS models relevant to DiffServ and IntServ?
• Which statement best defines a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)?
• The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a band, which determines circuit capacity, is called what?
• Which layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end connections and ensuring packets are delivered?
• What term describes software on both client and server sides that translates between software from different vendors?
• Differentiate static routing from dynamic routing and provide a use-case for each.
• Which IPv6 address range is designated for link-local scope and is not routable on the global Internet?
• Which protocol is the standard for sending emails between servers?
• What risk does ARP spoofing introduce?
• What is the primary purpose of ports in IP networking?
• How do site-to-site VPNs differ from remote-access VPNs, and what is a common tunnel protocol used?
• What port and protocol does BGP use for transport, and what is a key attribute used to influence path selection?
• In congestion management, what is the primary effect of Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)?
• Which OSI layer is associated with the Presentation function, including data representation and formatting?
• How does a switch learn MAC addresses and forward frames in a LAN?
• Which statement about symmetric encryption is true?
• In OSPF, what is the effect of SPF calculation within an area?
• Which term defines how the functions of application layer software are distributed between clients and servers on the network?
• Which pairing correctly describes VoIP signaling and media protocols?
• What is inter-VLAN routing and what common devices implement it?
• What does parallel transmission mean?
• According to the material, how many things does a computer need on a network?
• Which cloud service model provides a platform to build and manage applications, enabling faster development and more customization?
• Which component is typically used to host and respond to web requests on a network?
• Which OSI layer is responsible for managing sessions?
• Which features does 802.11ax introduce compared with 802.11ac?
• Which OSI layer is responsible for path selection and logical addressing?
• Which protocol is used to discover neighboring devices in IPv6?
• What does a DNS A record do?
• Which cloud networking construct provides a private isolated network for cloud resources?
• In IPv6, SLAAC vs DHCPv6, which statement is correct?
• A message intended to reach all devices on the same local network is called:
• What changes when moving from HTTP to HTTPS on a web connection?
• In IPv4 networks, ARP maps IP addresses to MAC addresses using which mechanism?
• Which OSI layer is responsible for transmitting raw bits over a physical medium?
• For IPv4 subnet 192.168.20.0/23, what is the broadcast address?
• What does the acronym HTTP stand for?
• What subnet mask corresponds to a /24 prefix?
• What is the primary purpose of Spanning Tree Protocol in switched networks?
• Which component helps define the size of the local network by specifying which portion of an IP address is the network address?
• Which circuit type connects many devices on the same shared circuit, usually cheaper but with multiple devices sharing the medium?
• Which statement about connection-oriented communication is true?
• Which of the following is a private IPv4 address range defined by RFC 1918?
• In MPLS, what is the role of a label?
• Which term refers to standards that ensure interoperability across hardware and software from different vendors?